Models of communication

Understanding Communication 

Being one of the most essential and vital elements required to lead a proper professional and personal life, the importance of communication can not be put down into words so easily. To get a hold of what information transmission means today and to understand the models of communication, let us first gain an insight into the three main types of communication:

Written communication (Letters, e-mails, reports, memos along with other documents)

Oral Communication (either face-to-face or over a phone/video call)
Non-Verbal Communication (Using gestures, actions, expression or body movements, etc). This is comparatively less popular or in-use as compared to the other two but it is an equally important method to communicate. 
With the help of the infographic given below, we can understand the basic route of communication between a sender and a receiver along with feedback from both of them.



The sender develops ideas and encodes information.
The sender selects the medium or a channel to transmit the message.
The recipient receives the message sent by the sender.
Then, the receiver decodes or interprets the message.
The receiver may also provide feedback to the sender, which is the essence of two-way communication.

Concept of Communication

Communication is nothing but an exchange of thoughts, ideas, views, emotions and expressions from one person or more than one, to get the relevant feedback. The different elements in communication include:

Communicators (sender/receiver) are the participants in communication.
Message is a single uninterrupted utterance (verbal or non-verbal).

Code is a system suitable for creating or carrying messages through a specific medium.

Encode (put into code)

Decode (take out of code)

Channel is the specific mechanism used to transmit the message.

Medium is the form or technology of transmission, determines kind of code used.

Noise is the interference with message.

An environment is one that surrounds and provides a basis for the meaning of a message.

Feedback checks the effect of messages.

Positive Feedback “Keep doing what you’re doing”

Negative Feeback “Change what you’re doing”

Communication is nothing but an exchange of thoughts, ideas, views, emotions and expressions from one person or more than one, to get the relevant feedback. The different elements in communication include:

Communicators (sender/receiver) are the participants in communication.
Message is a single uninterrupted utterance (verbal or non-verbal).
Code is a system suitable for creating or carrying messages through a specific medium.

Encode (put into code)

Decode (take out of code)

Channel is the specific mechanism used to transmit the message.

Medium is the form or technology of transmission, determines kind of code used.

Noise is the interference with message.
An environment is one that surrounds and provides a basis for the meaning of a message.

Feedback checks the effect of messages.

Positive Feedback “Keep doing what you’re doing”

Negative Feeback “Change what you’re doing”

Shannon’s Model of Communication
In the year 1948, Claude Shannon presented one of the earliest models of communication which elaborates on how the dissemination of information takes place and also determines what all can go wrong while communicating. Observe the illustration given below: 



In this model, source is an individual who sends a message to another person with the use of a transmitter. Transmitters can be understood as instruments that help us carry out communication. Depending upon the scenarios, they can differ. For instance, in today’s time, major transmitters are phones, computers, and other devices. Also, the signal will vary according to the chosen method of communication.

The box at the bottom i.e, NOISE represents the interference of any signal with the message that is being carried. Again, the intensity and type of interference would depend on the method of communication. In the end, the box representing the receiver is the person or instrument which ultimately receives the message.  

Aristotle’s Model
According to Aristotle’s model of communication, the speaker plays an important role in transmitting the information. Here, the speaker is given the entire charge of communication. He is solely put as the in-charge of communication. He/she has to prepare clear and meaningful content from the message which can reach the listener easily and the listener will respond according to the influence of the message. 

Being one of the simplest models of communication, it explains that the entire authority of a fluent communication is laid on the sender only. The sender should wisely choose the words for the message depending on the targeted audience. Aristotle also emphasised on the importance of maintaining eye contact with the receiver/ audience to ensure the authenticity of the message. Let us understand this through an example:

A politician must understand the importance of addressing the issues in the right way. One should talk about improving the safety of girls, better transportation facilities, need for more ration shops, etc in order to fetch the maximum amount of votes.

Thus, to create a sound impression, the speech must be in a clear and loud voice avoiding stammering and nervousness. 


Berlo’s Model of Communication

In the famous model of communication by Berlo’s, the importance of thorough communication is laid on the person sending the message and the receiver. As per the model, to properly decode and encode the message, the communication skills of both, sender and receiver, must be fluent. If both are skilled, the communication will be at its best! Let us have a look at the diagram mentioned below to understand the model. 


Schramm’s Model 

Out of all the models of communication, Schramm’s model elaborates on the importance of both sender and receiver, turn by turn, in the message. Through the diagram mentioned below, you can understand the circle of communication and how each person is important at respective places. 



-Sarvesh SJB Rana
Phd in Political Science




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